Elmfield Training purchased in pre-pack after going into administration

The majority of Elmfield Training’s business and assets has been sold to EQL Solutions Limited, which is one hundred per cent owned by CareTech Holdings plc.

The sale, which excludes the Morrisons contract, came shortly after Deloitte, the business advisory firm, were appointed Joint Administrators of Elmfield.

FE Week understands the acquisition has been completed as part of a pre-pack insolvency for a cash payment of £1.5m.

The statement yesterday from Deloitte reads: “The sale secured over 300 jobs and maintained continuity of service for around 5,700 people currently enrolled on Elmfield’s training programmes. The Morrisons contract is likely to be taken over by another provider, along with approximately 50 additional staff associated with this contract.”

In an email seen by FE Week, staff working on the Morrisons contract have been told by the administrators: “There is no guarantee that we will be successful in completing a transfer, and as such we cannot confirm that you will be paid the wages that are owed to you up to today, or that you will not be made redundant. Unless a transfer is made, you will not be paid for any wages or expenses incurred from the date of administration.”

Farouq Sheikh, CareTech’s Executive Chairman, said in a statement: “CareTech is a principled provider of social care with a strong public service ethos. Our support services for young people in transition to adult life are well known for their outstanding results and for some time we have felt that a new division focusing on apprenticeships would enhance and support many aspects of our outcomes based approach.

“The acquisition of Elmfield provides an opportunity to draw the professionalism of their staff into a new and forward-looking partnership with a national social care provider.

“We are grateful for the support and assistance of the Skills Funding Agency in enabling this transaction to be successfully concluded in a timely manner.”

Read more in the next edition of FE Week 

Learners are going to need techno-maths skills to cope in the modern workplace

Steve McCormack concedes teachers haven’t always succeeded in demonstrating how maths skills will be relevant to students after they leave education. Yet numeracy skills are needed more than ever when dealing with fast developing technology at work.

Go on, admit it! You’ve taken a peek at Channel 4’s Educating Yorkshire on Thursday nights. And whatever you think about the kids, the teachers, the school, or the girls’ hairdos, you can’t deny it’s engaging, thought-provoking television.

For me, one particular thought crystallised after the recent episode in which the saintly maths teacher Mr Steer sweated blood and tears to get his — er, I think the word is challenging — year 11s through their GCSE with a Grade C.

The thought in question was prompted by the girl who, in tones every maths teacher in the land has heard a million times, said: “I don’t need maths, sir, cos I’m going to do hairdressing at college.”

We all know that 16-year-olds who waltz off to college under the impression that they have left numbers behind will soon experience a rude awakening, when their hairdressing tutor starts talking about angles of cut, or precision-mixing amounts required for tints and dyes.

We should admit we haven’t been smart enough in shaping maths lessons.”

The same scenario is played out, of course, on college building and catering courses, perhaps too when students studying graphic design and hospitality get their first assignments back.

You can’t leave maths behind the morning after the year 11 prom.

But, if we’re honest, we can see where those Yorkshire year 11 girls were coming from.

We should admit we haven’t been smart enough in shaping maths lessons, and the qualifications they lead to, so the relevance to the world of work is obvious.

Part of the problem is people argue it’s a rare workplace where the boss greets you in the morning with a request to solve a couple of quadratic equations.

Our task, as advocates for maths-education, is to demonstrate the ubiquitous demand for the application of the generic, transferable skills learned in maths lessons.

To be really convincing, we have to go further than point out that bricklayers and chefs need to be good at measuring and most people in administrative roles need to be able work out percentages.

This is not a straightforward task, because in our 21st century industrial landscape, the application of mathematical reasoning is usually far from explicit.

However, a book published a few years ago — called Improving Mathematics at Work: The need for techno-mathematical literacies — by academics at the Institute of Education in London addressed this challenge. Drawing on extensive workplace-based research, the team identified a crucial attribute — which they called techno-mathematical literacy — the best and most effective employees exhibit.

This attribute manifests itself, for example, in the ability to interpret graphs and charts accurately, identify the key variables in any system, and see how they relate to each other.

People with techno-mathematical literacy don’t slavishly gaze at their lap-top screens and report that “computer says no”.

They think about the software underneath the bonnet and try to understand what it shows and its limitations. All of these skills can best be nurtured among students with a solid maths education, who have developed mental disciplines such as precision, estimation, experimentation, and the ability to present logical arguments, with one step flowing from another.

Maths is the only subject that pulls all these skills together, and, for the sake of future generations, we’ll continue to bang on about it.

Steve McCormack, communications manager for the National Centre for Excellence in the Training of Mathematics

Penny Petch, president, Institute for Learning

Former nurse and midwife Penny Petch had a dramatic start to her full-time teaching career.

In the late nineties, Petch left midwifery to look after her three young children, and volunteered to help with an evening adult literacy class at North Herts College, to “get out of the house”.

Many of the students had troubled backgrounds and had “slipped out of the system”.

“Everybody’s story was different,” she says, but one student in particular became the catalyst for bringing her into the sector full-time.

“There was one student who had a drug problem and that had carried on through school, carried on into her young adult life, and she had turned up for a class and she’d tried to commit suicide, she’d actually slit her wrists.

“She’d turned up to the classroom, it had stopped bleeding but it was still gaping — this is a seven o’clock evening class — so I took her down to reception and we called the ambulance.

“The duty manager at the college that evening was the manager for health and social care, so he came along and said to me ‘you’re handling this very well, you’re very calm, have you had training?’

“And, of course, I said, ‘Well actually I used to be a nurse’.”

Two days later Petch received a call asking her to come and teach on the health and social care course and, she says, “it snowballed from there”.

She started teaching full-time in the February, started her PGCE eight months later and was head of department by the following January.

“I was in the right place at the right time, and had the right background — it just worked,” she says.

I  did once sit in the road and stop a bus in Trafalgar Square when I was a student nurse on strike” 

Her background as a nurse might also have played a part, she thinks.

“I’ve always been told that I’ve got good people skills, and that I’m good at managing conflicting priorities and demands, so somehow I manage to judge it all,” says Petch.

“And management within education is often being able to manage those conflicting pressures that you get from so many different parts of the college.”

In her time, Petch has worked with nearly every age group, from newborn babies as a midwife to older people as a nurse, as well as teenage and adult learners during her FE career.

“I like people,” says the 45-year-old, who reckons she’s delivered around 100 babies, including her own nephew.

“I used to really enjoy working with care of the elderly because they had fascinating stories, talking to the elderly about their experiences and their lives.

“I found that part really fascinating. The elderly are quite invisible in our lives now really, I miss that aspect and I do miss that buzz of delivering a newborn baby.”

Her desire to be a midwife, she says, “came out of a love of human biology and also probably because my mum was pregnant quite a lot”.

“There’s quite a big gap, my youngest sister is 18 years younger than me so when I was doing my A-levels my mum was pregnant and I just found the whole thing fascinating,” explains Petch.

“I knew I wanted to work with people, and I wanted to do something that was useful and it just seemed natural to go into that career and I did really enjoy — I loved it.”

The oldest of five girls, Petch describes her childhood as a “nomadic lifestyle”, moving between different council houses from Newport, in South Wales, to different areas of London so that by the age of nine she had attended five different schools.

The family was frequently moved into houses on a temporary basis, something which she says was “quite difficult”.

“I think, as a child I don’t remember it being distressing, but I think it made me quite bookish,” she says.

“I was always reading, so that was kind of my escape — I would just read. I liked reading, and if you like reading it think it makes it easier for most subjects. So I was a bit of a swot at school.”

Although she describes herself as a Londoner, Petch now lives in Chelmsford, with second husband David, an anti-money laundering and financial crime officer, and is head of teaching and learning development at Chelmsford College.

Family is important to her, she says, and she sees a lot of them, because with three children and three step-children, “I don’t have any choice really, there’s so many of them,” she jokes. The couple’s own career choices have influenced their children’s choices, she says, as Laura, aged 25, is deputy head of science at a secondary school, and Amy, 28, is a senior practitioner in social work for children and families.

“I think there is quite a strong lean towards public service,” she says.

“So quite a sort of public service ethos going on I think. I think that me and my husband having instilled part of the ethos in them.”

And Petch got a taste for public service at London’s Charing Cross Hospital, with compulsory nurse training for all would-be midwives.

“That was in the days when you were working full-time on the ward and then had to study in your own time and you had a week at various different points throughout the year where you would go into the school of nursing and be trained, but most of the training was done on the wards, so truly vocational rather than being academic,” she says.

Even then, it seems, the Institute for Learning (IfL) president was interested in voicing the concerns of a profession.

“I did once sit in the road and stop a bus in Trafalgar Square when I was a student nurse on strike,” she says.

“I remember the whole bus cheering and clapping. They were very much behind us.”

She adds: “I only sat there for about 60 seconds and then moved on.”

Being a midwife, she says, allowed her to understand the need for a professional body, such as the IfL, when she moved into FE.

“As a midwife, I was in a professional body so it just seems natural to me that I have that organisation to represent my profession,” she says.

“I really value having a professional body for teachers — it’s a voice.”

She had been an elected member of the IfL’s advisory council since November 2011 but was voted to be president earlier this year, taking the post on last month. It was, she says, “definitely a highlight” of her career.

“I felt very proud when I found out that I’d been elected,” says Petch.

“I know that I’m representing lots of people.”

She adds: “I was on a beach in Cephalonia when the email came through, just passed my phone over to my husband and said ‘what have I done, why did I do that?’”

Fortunately, it seems, Petch is unfazed by challenges.

“I don’t really think I have challenges, I have opportunities,” she says.

“It is about opportunities.”

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It’s a personal thing

What’s your favourite book?: “As a child it would have been Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. I didn’t appreciate the feminist influence until I was an adult. As an adult my favourite is Captain Corelli’s Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres”

What did you want to be when you were younger?: “A writer

If you could invite anyone to a dinner party, living or dead, who would it be?: “Tony Benn”

What do you do to switch off from work?: “Shopping, reading, gardening”

 What is your pet hate?: “Probably negativity — people who respond to change negatively”

 

The rise of the amateur — a primary tale

Former House of Commons Education Select Committee specialist Ben Nicholls is head of policy and communications at London’s Newham College. He writes exclusively for FE Week every month.

The recent resignation of Annaliese Briggs from her Pimlico Primary headship has proven perfect material for dinner party-ranters everywhere.

Her appointment, at the age of 27 and with no formal teaching experience or qualifications, was described as “staggering” by local councillors.

And even since her departure, after just six months, a storm has continued to thunder around the story. After all, we wouldn’t trust command of a warship to someone without active service, nor would we permit an untrained surgeon to stitch us up post-op — and yet here we are entrusting our children to an amateur? It’s tempting to jump on the bandwagon.

Education Secretary Michael Gove has been much-maligned for allowing Free Schools to employ unqualified teachers, and is now working to get ex-soldiers and others into classrooms.

Many have taken this as a slur on teachers’ skill and experience, and this latest chapter will do nothing to silence the naysayers. After all, what system allows an unknown, unqualified chit of a girl to take over a new school, only to abandon it two terms in?

And yet, as the tabloid fury bubbles, I remember that I too am a manager in education, around Miss Briggs’ age, and with no relevant qualification.

Granted, my job isn’t as student-facing as that of a primary headteacher, but as a member of a college senior team, I have a say in matters of teaching policy, recruitment, student experience, and many other areas where I am thoroughly untrained. Nor, in FE, am I alone.

Over the last few years, further and higher education have seen an increase in the number of senior leaders without direct teaching experience. Vice-chancellors like Bill Rammell and Sir David Bell have a vast knowledge of education — in their cases, as minister and permanent secretary respectively — without having operated as academics.

There are principals from accountancy, private sector, and estates management backgrounds and, evidently, they are doing fantastic jobs running complex educational organisations.

Education needs all manner of backgrounds, aptitudes and talents to become a truly diverse sector.”

This is certainly the case with the management team I serve on, where only half have a teaching qualification.

To a great extent, this is about horses and courses. A college the size of ours requires a range of skills and experiences for it to run effectively — it would be as wasteful for our HR director to be an outstanding teacher as it might for an A-level teacher to be an HR professional. This is clearly different in a primary school where the majority of staff are teaching.

But it’s also an issue for policy-makers. My biggest concern about the Pimlico saga is that Miss Briggs felt she had no choice but to leave. Where was the support, the mentoring, the advice? Whatever Miss Briggs’ accomplishments — and she must have plenty, for no governing body appoints simply to muster headlines — teaching experience wasn’t something she had, and the structure around her would surely have known this. The plus-side of the Academy and Free School programme is increased autonomy, but this is also its biggest flaw — with the removal of so many local authority functions (and funds), available support mechanisms are vastly reduced.

Solutions abound — improving Ofsted, developing leadership qualifications, growing proper career pathways for teachers, for three — but the lesson cannot be that only trained teachers can run schools and colleges.

Education needs all manner of backgrounds, aptitudes and talents to become a truly diverse sector. For Miss Briggs even to apply for the role shows a commendable desire to work in this exciting field and if we’re serious about encouraging other bright, young people, then demonising her is wrong.

Let’s work, instead, to make schools and colleges as vibrant and vital as possible — places where anyone, students and staff, can play a role of sorts — and to find the right people for the right jobs, rather than be guided by old-fashioned ideas of who fits where.

Ben Nicholls is head of policy and communications at London’s Newham College.

Functional skills can deliver what employers need

Parity should be maintained between how GCSEs and functional skills are valued by the government, says Stella Turner

With the increasing focus on English and maths, the Association of Employment and Learning Providers’ (AELP) members are concerned the positioning of functional skills for English and maths in relation to GCSE should be very clear and transparent.

In some areas, functional skills are now being described as the “interim qualification” or “stepping stone” towards the achievement of GCSEs, which the government sees as the “gold standard”.

In our view there should continue to be parity between the two types of qualifications, with a level two functional skill recognised as equivalent level to GCSE grade A* – C. Functional skills are now well accepted by employers as important components of apprenticeship frameworks and as valuable standalone qualifications.

Employers are beginning to recognise that as well as developing vital skills in English and maths, functional skills can help young people apply skills to different contexts, solve problems, use their initiative and work independently.

At the moment, many learners who have been demotivated by not achieving maths and English GCSEs at grade C or above at school, become more engaged through undertaking functional skills in these subjects.

There are also serious concerns within the sector, particularly among work based learning providers, about the capacity to deliver GCSEs.

This is because these qualifications relate the skills and knowledge to their working and personal life.

GCSEs are, quite rightly, designed for schools, to be delivered over a two year period.

This sometimes makes them unsuitable for use on shorter programmes, roll-on-roll-off provision and for use with disengaged learners.

By comparison, functional skills are flexible qualifications with multiple assessment opportunities, which means they can be delivered in a way that meets the needs of individual learners and their employers.

There are also serious concerns within the sector, particularly among work based learning providers, about the capacity to deliver GCSEs.

We need to build the capacity within all providers to deliver high quality English and maths.

The new support programme for teachers of maths that is being delivered through the National Centre for Excellence in Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) and bursaries to support those intending to teach English and maths in FE are to be welcomed.

But it is questionable whether these initiatives alone will be able to make up the massive shortfall in maths and English specialists required to deliver the English and maths components of apprenticeships, study programmes and traineeships.

There also needs to be significant investment in improving the teaching and learning of these essential subjects pre-16, in both primary and secondary schools.

In its 2013 policy manifesto, AELP argues an element of outcome related funding should be introduced into schools.

This will encourage schools to focus on ensuring all young people leave the secondary phase of their compulsory education with a solid foundation in English and maths that will underpin progression to further academic or vocational study.

In addition to investment, there also needs to be stability in literacy and numeracy, or as it is now referred to, the English and maths qualifications landscape which has undergone significant transformation in recent years.

Functional skills, which are in their infancy compared to GCSEs, must be allowed to become embedded and their true value in delivering the skills that employers need recognised.

The credibility of functional skills with employers is growing and we need to ensure we continue to embed high quality maths and English functionality in the wider programmes such as traineeships and apprenticeships.

Stella Turner, head of qualifications and delivery at the Association of Employment and Learning Providers

FE needs better support to help post-16s pass maths and English

The government, schools, trade unions, parents and carers all need to work together in a new drive to improve numeracy and literacy skills, says Barry Brooks.

t is a pity that, given all the words that have been written about English and maths skills since the publication of the OECD Report on Adult Skills, the very people being spoken about or represented in the various graphs and tables will not have been able to read the text or understand the statistics.

It is also somewhat ironic that at a time when the government has set out a coherent, holistic set of policies to address these recognised weaknesses, these ambitions have been overshadowed by the report’s findings.

For me, as I am sure for many of you, the recent debate in the House of Commons on adult literacy and numeracy was one of those déjà vu moments we so often experience with education and skills policies.

This time I relived almost identical sessions triggered in 1999 by “A Fresh Start”, Lord Moser’s Report on improving adult literacy and numeracy.

The main difference this time was that the debate was happening against a backdrop of cross-party consensus.

We have all known for some time that there is a continuous stream of young people leaving the compulsory school sector at age 16 without capability and competence in English and maths.

The percentage has remained at or around 40 per cent for over a decade.

Much of the progress has slowed down, not least because funding available to raise the quality and qualifications of teachers for these subjects has all but disappeared.”

We are also aware the vast majority of these young people have not sought to continue their GCSE studies when they enter the education and skills sector and have avoided resits wherever possible.

We also know from the National Institute of Continuing Adult Education’s (Niace) reviews on adult literacy and numeracy that much of the progress has slowed down, not least because funding available to raise the quality and qualifications of teachers for these subjects has all but disappeared.

The evidence was reinforced by the 2011 Skills for Life Survey, which confirmed that while progress had been made at levels one and two in literacy, numeracy progress continued to lag behind and those with the lowest levels of skills showed little or no improvement.

For me, though, the most telling evidence will emerge when the report on the Distanced Travelled or Skills Gain Pilot is published later this year.

The pilot was designed to explore whether a shift away from focusing and funding performance, as measured by qualification success, could be replaced by a more scientific approach to measuring, recording and reporting on progress — hence skills gained and progress made.

What the evaluators found was how far many providers had moved away from the teaching and learning infrastructure developed and funded by the Skills for Life Strategy.

Centres participating in the pilot had developed their own unique approach to improving English and maths and as a consequence there was no consistent, coherent or universal approach to initial assessment, diagnostic assessment or individual learning plans.

In reality, the only remaining legacy of the strategy appeared to be a focus, wherever possible, on securing the qualifications.

The results in the OECD report appear to be most disappointing for the 16 to 24 age group and I fear the FE sector is going to take the brunt of the growing criticism.

At least in the House of Commons debate, Matthew Hancock had the courage and insight to address this directly, by suggesting schools have an important role in stemming the flow of young people leaving school without GCSE A* to C in English.

An enormous stock of young people has already passed through the school system and once again the sector is expected to address the disappointment and shortcomings of those who do not possess A* to C in English and maths.

Many of this year’s intake, unlike their predecessors, will also arrive in the autumn to find a GCSE re-take is a mandatory part of their study programme.

Providers and teachers in the sector will do everything they can to encourage young people to study these subjects, not because of a political imperative or a funding mechanism, but because these skills are essential.

There is there is still enormous disquiet about the government’s solution being the GCSE”

But they need support and employers and trade unions must take more responsibility for ensuring our young people have access to information that helps them better understand these skills are more than “nice-to-haves” — they are “must-haves”.

Parents and carers will always have a role in ensuring they encourage and enable young people to have a realistic understanding of the importance of learning, but without the learners’ belief and trust in what has been done, offered or said to them, nothing can or will change.

The sector supports the need to improve English and maths and wants to make it meaningful and motivational for our young people.

But there is there is still enormous disquiet about the government’s solution being the GCSE, especially a GCSE that we are told is about to become even more “demanding, rigorous and stretching”.

Within both DfE and BIS, there is recognition that not everyone can achieve a GCSE and that is why functional skills have been created and “stepping stone” qualifications have been approved.

There is also a commitment to developing programmes where English and maths are contextualised, as this makes the learning meaningful and relevant to young people.

I understand within DfE there is work planned to see how best to align the GCSE requirements with learner expectation and motivation.

These are challenging times for the sector, as we await the outcomes of the Review of Adult Vocational Qualifications, the Consultation on Apprenticeship Funding and the Implementation Plan for the Richard Review.

One thing is certain — English and maths will remain essential whatever policies are in place and the sector will, as always, rise to these challenges and remain relentless in its commitment to improving standards and increasing opportunities.

Barry Brooks, Strategic Adviser to the Tribal Board

If employers are from Mars and young people are from Venus… better literacy can bring them into same orbit

Young people need to learn from employers why they need better literacy skills to thrive in the workplace, says Sally Melvin

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report’s findings are concerning and paint an unfortunate picture of the reality facing today’s young people.

Being fully literate is surely the right of every young person, to enable them to take a full and useful part in society throughout their adult lives.

As a society, we must work together to address the shortcomings of our education system and ensure all students leave school with a sufficient grasp of English.

According to some businesses, employers are from Mars and young people are from Venus.”

But literacy is about more than learning to read and write.

Being able to communicate effectively, speak articulately in front of a variety of audiences, work well alongside others and interpret information are all important skills that young people should be learning.

These are skills which make one literate in the work place.

With almost one million 16-24-year-olds currently unemployed, I believe that equipping students with a full range of literacy skills that are linked to their employability must be an integral part of their education.

According to some businesses, employers are from Mars and young people are from Venus.

How do we bring them into the same orbit?

Research shows there is a direct link between the social aspects of a child’s life and their confidence and level of aspiration.

How do we increase young peoples’ confidence and raise their aspirations for their future?

Teaching literacy skills is very important, but in isolation this is not enough.

To achieve a better understanding on both sides, we need to bring these two groups together.

Young people need to spend time with adults from the world of work, in order to put the literacy skills they are learning into a real life context.

This would give them better understanding of how important literacy is for their future.

The National Literacy Trust runs a programme called Words for Work which seeks to do just that.

Its aim is to improve young people’s literacy skills and increase their understanding of the world of work.

The key to the success of the project is the involvement of volunteers from the local business community.

The volunteers work in partnership with students, providing advice and acting as role models during a series of shared tasks.

Evaluation of the programme shows this kind of intervention can have a really positive effect on the young people involved.

According to the teachers, over 90 per cent of the students improved their literacy skills.

The students’ understanding of the use of literacy skills in the workplace doubled and 80 per cent of young people felt they now understood the skills they need to get the job they want.

Everyone agrees schools and FE colleges should teach their students the literacy skills they will need to function fully as adults.

I believe alongside this, they must provide opportunities for students to experience and prepare for the workplace.

Sally Melvin, senior programme manager at the National Literacy Trust

Maths and English

Download your free copy of the FE Week 16-page special on maths and English education and policy in FE, sponsored by Tribal.

Click here to download (16 mb)

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Introduction

Numeracy and literacy levels are apparently at crisis point among young adults and the FE sector has been ordered by the government to pick up the pieces.

A report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) showed England and Ireland to be lagging behind much of the rest of the world for these key skills.

Now all post-16-year-olds who fail to secure a C grade at GCSE will have to carry on studying the subjects, so colleges must figure out how they are going to teach all the extra learners.

The question of how we should reverse decades of maths and English decline has become the topic of passionate debate in the House of Commons and provoked widespread discourse among the general public and media.

The government hopes to achieve this through new maths and English GCSEs, the details of which have now been spelled out by Ofqual. But many senior figures in FE have expressed concern about these being enforced upon colleges.

They fear the sector is already having to shoulder too much blame for national numeracy and literacy failings and take on the brunt of responsibility for turning things around.

This is why FE Week thought the time was right to publish a 16 page supplement, providing extensive coverage on one of the most important issues the sector has had to get to grips with in generations.

We have started with reports on the new GCSEs and FE teaching enhancement programmes (p.3).

This is followed with a comparison of the merits of traditional and technology-driven teaching (p. 4 and p.5).

We then look at GCSEs and functional skills qualifications (p.6 and p.7) and have published a series of informed comment pieces from our panel of experts (p.10, p.11 and p.12).

Next, is a report on the OECD’s findings on literacy and numeracy (p.13), then MPs who took part in the debate on numeracy and literacy update us with their views.

Don’t forget, as always, you can let us know your opinion on the FE Week website, or tweet us @FEWeek.

Ofqual announces detail of new maths and English GCSEs

Ofqual has published full details of the new maths and English GCSEs which will be introduced from 2015.

In a report published today, the qualifications watchdog confirmed there will be a new grading scale that uses the numbers 1 to 9 to identify levels of performance, with 9 being the top level.

Maths, English language and English literature will all be assessed by exams, without coursework.

There will be no tiering of papers for English language and literature, but higher and lower level papers will be retained for maths.

Most exams will only be sat in the summer, apart from limited cases with English language and maths where students who were 16 on the preceding August 31 will be able to take them in November.

Ofqual’s chief regulator Glenys Stacey explained why the grading system had been changed.

She said: “For many people, the move away from traditional grades, A, B, C and so on, may be hard to understand. But it is important. The new qualifications will be significantly different and we need to signal this clearly.”

In a public consultation on the new GCSEs, the Association of Colleges (AoC) raised concern about students who failed to achieve a C grade at English and maths, simply being forced to resit the same exam in FE.

It said there should be pre-GCSE stepping-stone qualifications and a better link between functional skills and GCSEs — which it claimed would make it easier for post-16 students to gradually improve up to GCSE level.

The AoC also disapproved of plans to scrap coursework and base the assessment entirely on end-of-course exams.

It stated: “We are concerned a return to fully linear GCSEs with 100 per cent end assessment by external examination will not suit some young people.

“Research shows that end assessment favours boys, while continuous assessment and coursework favours girls.”

The AoC also raised concern that students with special needs could struggle to cope with high pressure exam situations.

The government also confirmed on October 28 that the new maths and English GCSEs would be incorporated into apprenticeships instead of functional skills from 2017.

Roger Francis, from vocational training firm Creative Learning Partners Ltd, raised concern this would rule out many less academic young people.

He said: “If the new GCSEs become the only standard for future apprentices, then there is a serious danger that thousands of young people who simply cannot cope with the rigours of an academic course will be disadvantaged and unable to complete an apprenticeship.”

The Association of Employment and Learning Providers also commented in its submission to the GCSE consultation.

It stated: “They [the reformed maths and English GCSEs] must be flexible enough to meet the needs of learners in work-based settings, where high quality programmes such as apprenticeships and traineeships are not linked to the academic year.”